Throughout this period, the population was made of roughly equal numbers of engagés (white workers), gens de couleur libres (free people of colour) and slaves. During the 16th and 17th centuries, French and Spanish colonizers produced tobacco, cotton, and sugar cane on the island. One theory estimates that Haitian Creole developed between 16. There are many theories on the formation of the Haitian Creole language. Haitian Creole contains elements from both the Romance group of Indo-European languages through its superstrate, French, as well as influences from African languages. Main article: Creole language § Creole genesis It is related to Antillean Creole, spoken in the Lesser Antilles, and to other French-based creole languages. Haitian Creole is also spoken in regions that have received migration from Haiti, including other Caribbean islands, French Guiana, France, Canada (particularly Quebec) and the United States. Until the late 20th century, Haitian presidents spoke only standard French to their fellow citizens, and until the 21st century, all instruction at Haitian elementary schools was in modern standard French, a second language to most of their students. Some Haitians view French as a legacy of colonialism, while Creole has been maligned by francophones as a miseducated person's French. The usage of, and education in, Haitian Creole has been contentious since at least the 19th century. However, this is disputable, as Nigerian Pidgin, an English-based Creole language, is attested by some sources to have a larger number of speakers than that of Haitian Creole and other French-based Creole languages, particularly if non-native speakers are included. Haitians are the largest community in the world speaking a modern creole language, according to some sources. It is not mutually intelligible with standard French, and has its own distinctive grammar. It also has influences from Spanish, English, Portuguese, Taino, and other West African languages. Although its vocabulary largely derives from 18th-century French, its grammar is that of a West African Volta-Congo language branch, particularly the Fongbe and Igbo languages.
The language emerged from contact between French settlers and enslaved Africans during the Atlantic slave trade in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) in the 17th and 18th centuries. The Northern dialect is predominantly spoken in Cap-Haïtien, Central is spoken in Port-au-Prince, and Southern in the Cayes area. Northern, Central, and Southern dialects are the three main dialects of Haitian Creole. Haitian Creole ( / ˈ h eɪ ʃ ən ˈ k r iː oʊ l/ Haitian Creole: kreyòl ayisyen, French: créole haïtien, ), commonly referred to as simply Creole, or Kreyòl in the Creole language, is a French-based creole language spoken by 10–12 million people worldwide, and is one of the two official languages of Haiti (the other being French), where it is the native language of the vast majority of the population. A Haitian Creole speaker, recorded in the United States
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